Helwege, Jean, and Frank Packer, "Determinants of the Choice of Bankruptcy Procedure in Japan", Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 12, No. 1, (January 2003), pp. 96-120.

Abstract: This paper investigates close bank-firm relations (keiretsu) among troubled Japanese firms by examining the type of bankruptcy. In Japan, creditors control the fate of the bankrupt firm, which may be costly if managers destroy firm value to avoid bankruptcy or, alternatively, if creditors liquidate too often. Recently, researchers have argued that keiretsu banks prop up weak firms that should fail. We find that bankrupt firms affiliated with keiretsu banks are neither subject to excessive liquidation by overly powerful banks nor slower to be liquidated. Keiretsu banks liquidate via the courts often, perhaps to avoid political repercussions and organized crime.

JEL Classification: G3, G32, G33, G31.

Keywords: Bankruptcy, Chapter 11, Chapter 7, Liquidation costs, Keiretsu.

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